Fruits & vegetables: Iodine is found in natural plant foods — foods like cranberries and even potatoes can be iron rich. However, iodine content is highly variable. Why? This research paper explains:
So what are reliable sources of iodine other than supplements?
Iodized salt: A reliable source of iodine is iodized salt! History of U.S. Iodine Fortification and Supplementation by Leung et al, Nutrients, 2012 Nov; 4(11): 1740-1746 explains:
Processed foods: But what happens if we eat processed foods? NIH: Iodine (Fact Sheet for Consumers) explains:
That's why vegans who consume lots of processed foods may be at risk for developing iodine deficiency.
SOS-Free Lifestyle: What should those who adopt an SOS-Free Lifestyle (in which we remove all three: sugar, oil, salt) do? For such individuals, iodized salt is no longer an option.
Sea vegetables: A reliable source of iodine is sea vegetables. In the videos below, Dr Greger explains that 1 tsp arame or 1 tbsp seaweed salad or 2 sheets of nori or 1 tsp dulse flakes suffice for daily iodine requirements.
… but avoid kelp and hijiki: Why? But we must avoid kelp (too rich in iodine) and hidziki (too much arsenic). In In this video, Dr Greger explains:
… how about kelp in tiny amounts? That's okay. For example, Eden Organic beans have tiny amounts of kelp, which makes them a good source of iodine. Eden Organic FAQ for Beans explains:
The video below is an excellent summary by Dr Greger on the matter.
(5 mins) Transcript. Dr Greger's summary: "How much nori, dulse, or arame approximate the recommended daily allowance for iodine?"
Source: The Healthiest Natural Sources of Iodine by Dr Greger. 1 tsp arame or 1 tbsp seaweed salad or 2 sheets of nori or 1 tsp dulse flakes suffice for daily iodine requirements.
(4 mins) Transcript. Dr Greger's summary: "With a few caveats, the best source of iodine is sea vegetables."
(2 mins) Transcript. Dr Greger's summary: "Excessive intake of kelp (kombu) or thyroid-containing sausages can lead to iodine toxicity."
(3 mins) Transcript. This video focuses on gargling. How is it relevant to iodine? Towards the end, Dr Greger says,
A good video summarizing iodine sources, how iodine deficiency may be triggered and how vegans may consume sufficient iodine daily.
Iodine discussions pop up when we discuss thyroid conditions and goitrogens. What do Whole Food Plant-Based doctors have to say? What to eat when we have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism? What are goitrogens? Where are they found? How do they affect iodine absorption? Should we avoid goitrogenic foods? For a discussion, see Thyroid Conditions & WFPB and Goitrogens.